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Global Trade shifts from globalization toward fragmentation : QNB
Second, QNB considered the 2008 global financial crisis a turning point in the evolution of global trade, after which it moved from a period of rapid expansion into an era of slower trade growth.The report noted that following the dramatic collapse after the global financial crisis and the rebound in 2009 and 2010, trade growth settled into a markedly slower gear, while the ratio of trade growth to global output growth fell from roughly two-to-one before the crisis to around one-to-one afterwards.
It attributed this to the maturation of the expansion of global value chains and the shift by major economies, such as China, toward growth driven by domestic demand.The bank noted that trade openness plateaued during this phase rather than continuing to rise, giving rise to the term 'slowbalisation” to describe an era in which trade integration remained substantial but no longer deepened at the rapid pace recorded in the previous phase.
Third, the bank said the most consequential phase has been the entry of the global trading system into a more contentious period marked by rising protectionism.According to the 'Global Trade Alert”, the number of new trade-restrictive measures introduced worldwide roughly doubled between the decade ending in 2010 and the decade ending in 2020, rising from around 3,000 measures per year to around 6,000.
The report noted that the value of imports affected by new tariffs and other import measures rose more than fourfold over the past year, reaching its highest level in terms of coverage in more than 15 years of monitoring.
It explained that successive rounds of tariff increases and restrictive measures among major economies, together with a broader shift toward industrial policy and supply-chain 'de-risking”, have lifted both tariffs and trade-policy uncertainty far above historical norms.
In its conclusion, the bank said the consequences of this shift are beginning to be reflected in the near-term outlook, noting that after world merchandise trade grew by close to 3% in 2024, growth is expected to slow sharply.
It highlighted repeated warnings by the World Trade Organization that the spread of trade-restrictive measures and policy uncertainty represents the principal downside risk to the outlook for global trade.
The report concluded that trade fragmentation is increasingly taking place along geopolitical lines, with commerce being redirected toward partners perceived as more reliable. This process raises costs, dampens efficiency and weighs on global productivity over time.
Qatar National Bank (QNB) said global trade is moving from a phase of rapid globalization toward a more fragmented reality, following a trajectory that has unfolded over a generation, from 'hyper-globalization' in the first decade of the millennium, through 'slowbalization' in the second decade, to the current landscape marked by greater fragmentation and growing policy-related constraints.
In its weekly commentary, the bank noted that this shift has not dismantled trade or supply chains so much as reshaped them, alongside the forging of new agreements. The era of deepening integration built on clearer rules is giving way to a trading environment increasingly influenced by strategic and geopolitical considerations.
It said these developments have significant implications for global growth and prices, as well as for the development prospects of emerging economies that have relied on open markets to support growth and narrow the gap with advanced economies.Global trade was one of the main driving forces of the global economy at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Between 2000 and 2024, world trade in goods and services nearly quadrupled, while the ratio of trade to global output climbed to a peak of around 60% in 2008.
According to the report, the global financial crisis marked a major turning point in the evolution of international trade, bringing an end to a period of rapid expansion often described as the era of 'hyper-globalization,' after which the pace of trade growth began to slow.
The report said in this regard that momentum has faded since then, and the global trading system has recently entered one of its most turbulent periods in decades, driven by a wave of tariffs and trade restrictions.
Understanding this shift matters, given the role trade has played as one of the most powerful engines of global economic growth and poverty reduction in the modern era.
In its weekly analysis, QNB reviewed three phases in the evolution of global trade: the rapid expansion of the 2000s, the 'slowbalization' that followed the global financial crisis, and the recent surge in protectionism, which is now reshaping the geography of global commerce.
In this context, the report noted an extraordinary deepening of global trade integration during the 2000s, driven by China's accession to the World Trade Organization in 2001, the proliferation of global value chains and steady declines in trade costs. These factors allowed goods, components and services to move across borders at an unprecedented pace.
This expansion was reinforced by other factors, most notably the increased standardization of containers used in shipping, the rapid growth of information technology and successive rounds of tariff liberalization and trade opening.
The report noted that during this period, global trade consistently expanded at around twice the rate of global output, lifting the trade-to-GDP ratio and drawing emerging market economies more deeply into the global trading system.
It pointed to the rise in the share of emerging markets in total global trade from roughly a quarter in the early 2000s to some 40% today, transforming the geography of global commerce.
Source: Gulf Times